2025 systematic review in HSS Journal screened the full BPC-157 musculoskeletal literature through June 2024 and found a large preclinical base tendon, ligament, muscle, bone, and nerve injury models but only one published human exposure dataset, the small open-label knee-pain case series
Before cell layer infection using around 20 plaque-forming units per well (160 plaque-forming units ml 1 ), viruses were pre-incubated for 30 min at room temperature with concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 1 M of nanobodies
J Surg Res 133:102108 Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest
Schulman IH, Chan K, Der JS, Wilkins KJ, Corns HL, Sayer B, et al