= reduced peptide bond (CH 2 -NH 2 ) Family # Ri- R3 1 2 3 1 hexanoyl pb pb pb heptanoyl Y pb pb pb pentanoyl Y pb pb pb butanoyl Y pb pb pb propanoyl Y pb pb pb acetanoyl Y pb pb pb isopropanoyl Y pb pb pb tert-butanoyl Y pb pb pb isobutanoyl Y pb pb pb benzoyl Y pb pb pb hexanoyl Y pb pb heptanoyl Y P b P b pentanoyl Y pb pb butanoyl Y pb pb propanoyl Y pb pb acetanoyl Y pb pb isopropanoyl Y pb pb tert-butanoyl Y pb pb isobutanoyl Y pb pb benzoyl Y pb pb hexanoyl 5 pb heptanoyl 5 pb pentanoyl 5 pb butanoyi 5 pb propanoyl 5 pb acetanoyl 5 pb isopropanoyl 5 pb tert-butanoyl 5 pb isobutanoyl 5 pb benzoyl 5 pb hexanoyl 5 pb pb heptanoyl 5 pb pb pentanoyl 5 pb pb butanoyi 5 pb pb propanoyl 5 pb pb acetanoyl 5 pb pb isopropanoyl 5 pb pb tert-butanoyl 5 pb b isobutanoyl 5 pb pb benzoyl 5 pb pb hexanoyl 5 pb pb pb heptanoyl 5 pb pb pb pentanoyl 5 pb pb pb butanoyi 5 pb pb pb propanoyl 5 pb pb pb acetanoyl 5 pb pb pb isopropanoyl 5 pb pb pb tert-butanoyl 5 pb pb pb isobutanoyl 5 p pb pb benzoyl F I 5 pb pb pb hexanoyl pb pb heptanoyl pb pb pentanoyl pb pb butanoyl pb pb propanoyl pb pb acetanoyl pb pb isopropanoyl pb pb tert-butanoyl pb pb isobutanoyl pb pb benzoyl pb pb hexanoyl pb heptanoyl P b pentanoyl pb butanoyl pb propanoyl pb acetanoyl pb isopropanoyl pb tert-butanoyl pb isobutanoyl pb benzoyl pb hexanoyl pb pb heptanoyl pb pb pentanoyl pb pb butanoyl pb pb propanoyl pb pb acetanoyl pb pb isopropanoyl pb pb tert-butanoyl F pb pb isobuianoyl F pb pb benzoyl F 5 pb pb hexanoyl C pb pb pb heptanoyl C pb pb pb pentanoyl c pb pb pb butanoyl c pb pb pb propanoyl c pb pb pb acetanoyl c pb b pb isopropanoyl c pb pb pb tert-butanoyl c pb pb pb isobutanoyl c pb pb pb benzoyl c pb pb pb hexanoyl C Pb pb heptanoyl C pb pb pentanoyl C pb pb butanoyl c pb pb propanoyl c pb pb acetanoyl c pb pb isopropanoyl c pb pb tert-butanoyl c 5 pb pb isobutanoyl c pb pb benzoyl c pb pb hexanoyl C pb heptanoyl C pb pentanoyl c pb butanoyl c pb propanoyl c pb pb pb pb pb pb hexanoyl C pb pb heptanoyl C pb pb pentanoyl C pb pb butanoyl C pb pb propanoyl C pb pb acetanoyl c pb pb isopropanoyl c pb pb tert-butanoyl c pb pb isobutanoyl c pb b benzoyl c pb pb 1 -16 Same pattern as families I -4 with R2=S 17-20 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2-T 21 -24 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=D 25-28 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=E 29-32 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=Y, R3=V 33-36 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=F, R3=V 37-40 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2= , R3=V 41 -44 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=S, R3=V 45-48 Same pattern as families 1-4 with R2=T, R3=V 49-52 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=D, R3=V 53-56 Same pattern as families 1 -4 with R2=E, R3=V 57-85 Same pattern as families 29-56 with R3=L 86-170 Same pattern as families 1-85 with n=3 342 D-norleucine Y I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine F I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine C I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine S I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine T I 5 pb pb pb D-norlencine D I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine E I 5 pb pb pb D-norleucine G I 5 pb pb pb 343 D-norleucine Y I 5 pb pb D-norleucine F I 5 pb pb D-norleucine C I 5 pb pb D-norleucine S I 5 pb pb D-norleucine T 1 5 pb pb D-norleucine D I 5 pb pb D-norleucine E I 5 pb pb D-norleucine G I 5 pb pb 344 D-norleucine Y I 5 pb pb D-norleucine F I 5 pb pb D-norleucine C I 5 Pb pb D-norleucine S I 5 pb pb D-norleucine T I 5 pb pb D-norleucine D I 5 pb pb D-norleucine E I 5 pb pb D-norleucine G I 5 pb pb 345 D-norleucine Y I 5 pb D-norleucine F I 5 pb D-norleucine C I 5 pb D-norleucine S I 5 pb D-norleucine T I 5 pb D-norleucine D I 5 pb D-norleucine E I 5 pb D-norleucine G I 5 pb 346-349 Same pattern as families 342-345 with R3=V 350-353 Same pattern as families 342-345 with R3=L 354-365 Same pattern as families 342-353 with R1=D norvaline 366-377 Same pattern as families 342-345 with R3=D-lysine 378-389 Same pattern as families 342-345 with R3=D-arginine 390-401 Same pattern as families 342-345 with R3=D S-methyl cysteine 402-457 Same pattern as families 342-401 with n=3 458-513 Same pattern as families 342-401 with n=4 514-569 Same pattern as families 342-401 with n=6 Alternatively, the analogs or growth factor mimics of the present invention may also be represented as comprised of four elements joined by covalent peptide or reduced peptide bonds, as follows: I - II - III - rv where I = an acid such as heptanoic, hexanoic, pentanoic, butyric, proprionic, acetic, benzoic, or substituted benzoic acid, and isoforms thereof

5.5 The effects of PCs on atypical complications of diabetes 5.5.1 PCs and diabetic encephalopathy Diabetic encephalopathy (DE), a diabetes-related complication marked by central nervous system damage, primarily results from cerebral microangiopathy, including conditions such as stroke, dementia, and depression (van Sloten et al., 2020)
Health Benefits Comparison Both L-citrulline and L-arginine offer impressive health benefits, but their differing bioavailability and metabolic pathways create certain distinctions in their effects
, Dydrogesterone IP , Dydrogesterone IP 10 mg,, etc