To better understand biofilm development and persistence in chronic wounds, Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the biofilm life cycle, including adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion, as well as host immune responses such as neutrophil recruitment, M1/M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine signaling (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-12 [IL-12]), which collectively contribute to immune evasion and chronic infection 40 - 43
557368, Merck) and 1 M and antimycin A (cat
Embryonically derived macrophages are the main myeloid cells of the small intestine in neonatal mice 23
Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes (SOUL) Green JB, Bethel MA, et al