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HSPs act synergistically with classical antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, to enhance cardioprotection
Those target genes include heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), the main regulator of iron and heme metabolism (Suzen et al., 2022), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO-1), a reducer of ROS (quinones) (Ross and Siegel, 2021), and peroxiredoxin (PRX), which reduces peroxides (Chowdhury et al., 2009), among many others
For example a 500 microgram (mcg.) dose can be administered in a single spray of 0.65 mg (which because it is approximately equal to 0.65 ml is better thought of in milliliters) in the preferred embodiment of the invention