These findings suggest that the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors extend beyond hemodynamic improvements, involving direct modulation of intracellular pathways implicated in kidney injury
Endogenous incretin hormones Endogenous GLP-1 is produced from proglucagon expressed in the gut, pancreas and brain, which is subsequently cleaved in the intestinal L cells to form glucagon and GLP-1 [35,36,37]
Similarly, Importantly, there is no evidence that these ingredients are effective when delivered through the skin, and it remains unclear whether they can penetrate the skin in sufficient amounts to produce physiological effects
I think of it like this: eating a high-protein, high-fibre meal is a bit like tapping the brakes on your appetite, whereas a GLP-1 medication is more like applying steady pressure to the brakes all day and all week