The ARC within the forebrain, the VTA within the midbrain, and the NTS within the hindbrain are three main regions responsive to direct leptin stimulation [51, 61]
In the same animal model, it an increase of serum TAG, total lipid, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, CRP, globulin, urea, creatinine, and NOx levels has been observed, with a decrease in serum total protein, HDL-cholesterol, albumin: globulin ratio and total anti-oxidants in the arthritis animals, all indicating hypoalbuminemia and globulinemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impairment of kidney functions (171)
But the headline conclusion of "selective fat reduction with relative preservation of lean tissue" can't hold equally across age strata, and the meta-analytic average obscures the patients we should be most concerned about
patented HMB shown to reduce muscle protein breakdown in over 150 human studies and multiple meta-analyses