These include its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, which extend beyond the regulation of serotonin and address other pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of mental health disorders.Moreover, the tolerability of vitamin D supplementation is generally high, with a favourable side-effect profile in comparison to SSRIs, which are associated with adverse effects such as sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and an increased risk of osteoporosis with long-term use
Within that family, its part of a subgroup called xanthophylls, which contain oxygen atoms that allow them to embed within cell membranes and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) more effectively than many other carotenoids.15 In nature, astaxanthin is produced by tiny microalgae, such as Haematococcus pluvialis , as a defense mechanism
, Yor-Aguilar, M
Moreover, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major ,-unsaturated aldehyde product of n-6 fatty acid oxidation, is involved in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer (80)
