To induce this transformation, tumor cells secrete signaling molecules (e.g., Wnt7a [60], and osteopontin [61, 62]), and release exosomes containing miRNAs (e.g., miR-9 [63] or miR-125b [64]) and proteins like survivin [65]
however, this has not been observed in human trials
Ongoing and Future Development The study is continuing with further cohorts to refine the dosing and titration scheme for upcoming Phase 2 trials
Adalimumab was the first biologic approved for the treatment of HS.35 Other biologics that have shown favourable therapeutic responses in moderate and severe forms of HS include IL-17 inhibitors (secukinumab, bimekizumab), IL-12/IL-23 (ustekinumab), IL-23 (guselkumab and risankizumab), IL-1 receptor antagonists (anakinra) and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (apremilast).51,54,58 In addition, numerous clinical trials with biologics and small molecules are currently underway with promising results, including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and complement inhibitors.58,59 Surgical treatment Surgery is an important option in the management of HS
