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When these pro-inflammatory mediators reach the hypothalamus, they increased the levels of oxidative stress and neuronal inflammation in the hypothalamus through processes such as microglia proliferation ( Figure 2 )
At high nutrient and ATP levels, AMPK activity is inhibited, and mTORC1 phosphorylates ULK1 and ATG13L of the autophagy-activating protein complex and thus suppresses autophagy [267, 268]
Also, there was no typical morphological evidence of apoptosis, including swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles, nor rupture of the cell membrane (Xu et al., 2019)
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