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Substituting sterile saline, distilled water, or tap water eliminates one or both protective mechanisms

Degradation can occur through several pathways, including the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) or various forms of autophagy, including macro-autophagy or chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)

Estrogenic activity of E2-conjugated GLP-1 is mediated by intracellular endolysosomal acidification and estrone metabolism

Cell line culture GLUTag cells (a kind gift from Dan Drucker, Toronto) were maintained in Matrigel-coated flasks and low-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 units ml 1 penicillin and 0.1 mg ml 1 streptomycin