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Non-canonical pyroptosis is initiated by the detection of intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, leading to the activation of caspase 4 (CASP4) and caspase 5 (CASP5) in humans and caspase 11 (CASP11) in mice, which cleave GSDMD independently of inflammasome assembly

This disrupts the antioxidant balance, harms photosynthesis, and affects cellular homeostasis (Fig

Experimental investigations have examined the relationship between NNMT inhibition and regulatory pathways involving nicotinamide turnover, methylation dynamics, transcriptional control mechanisms, and downstream signal transduction processes

It is not a DEA-controlled substance as of 2025