These include (1) decreased availability of amino acids (malnutrition, maldigestion, and malabsorption), (2) catabolic states (hyperthyroidism, Cushings syndrome, burns, postsurgery recovery), (3) protein-losing states (nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy), (4) actions of cytokines (decrease in transport proteins such as albumin, transferrin, and lipoproteins, but increase in inflammatory response modifiers such as 1 -antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, and 2 -macroglobulin), (5) action of hormones (such as growth hormone, cortisol, estrogen, androgens, and thyroid hormones) to increase or decrease production of specific proteins, and (6) congenital deficiency states (Wilsons disease and 1 -antitrypsin deficiency)
Ginger (in the form of ginger tea, ginger chews, or 250 mg capsules) has evidence for reducing nausea in pregnancy and chemotherapy contexts
Moyad et al
Effects of iron overload on cardiac calcium regulation: translational insights into mechanisms and management of a global epidemic
