doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.014 279 MotonishiSNangakuMWadaTIshimotoYOhseTMatsusakaTet al
The data, together with the data from the same study measuring pyruvate levels described above, indicate that fasting increased the fumarate/pyruvate, and so also likely increased the malate/pyruvate, indicative of the [NADPH]/[NADP + ], in the spinal cord and several brain regions, including the hippocampus, brainstem, olfactory bulb, and potentially to a smaller extent in the cortex, while potentially decreasing in the hypothalamus (Shao et al., 2023)
Selenium, known primarily for the antioxidant properties of selenoenzymes, is obtained mainly from meat, seafood and grains
Intravenous (IV) nutrition is much more than intravenous vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients