(Endocrinology, 2010), demonstrated a strong species-dependent effect: In rodents: High GLP-1 receptor expression in thyroid C-cells Strong cAMP signaling activation Persistent stimulation leads to tumor formation In humans and primates: Minimal or absent functional GLP-1 receptor expression in C-cells No meaningful calcitonin elevation under therapeutic exposure No observed C-cell proliferation in long-term studies Even exposure levels far exceeding clinical doses failed to reproduce rodent-like thyroid effects in primate models
Deficiency treatment is essential because it helps to alleviate fatigue and neurological disorders
GLP-1RA use was associated with a reduced risk of adverse outcomes in the full cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.96), and in UC (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54-0.98), though not significantly in CD (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.66-1.08)
Clinical studies have not generally documented serious side effects that require discontinuation of liraglutide, but gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and digestive disorders, often occur