The 16S rRNA stool analysis revealed reduced bacterial diversity and richness, lower anti-inflammatory species, and higher pro-inflammatory species like Enterobacteriaceae in ME/CFS patients [27]
Studies have shown that the prevalence of patients with ASD and associated gastrointestinal dysfunction ranges from 991% [36,37]
pylori colonization also negatively affects the expression of antioxidant proteins, along with epigenetic modifications and DNA methylation, such as GATA-4, GATA-5 and TWIST-1 (88), as well as miRNAs dysregulation, such as mir-21, mir-92a, mir-27a, mir-146a, mir-326, mir-155 and mir-663 (89)
Melatonin Melatonin is an amphiphilic molecule that has been identified as a potent antioxidant therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative diseases (Polimeni et al., 2014) associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (Ganie et al., 2016) (Table 1)