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The GLP-1 receptor is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found in: Pancreatic beta cells Hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei Gastrointestinal tract Heart, kidney, and elsewhere Upon activation, it triggers multiple intracellular pathways: cAMP/PKA: enhances insulin secretion PI3K/Akt: promotes cell survival and beta cell function MAPK/ERK: involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and potentially neuroprotective effects These pathways interact in complex ways depending on cell type, receptor density, and ligand properties

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