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Furthermore, it has been found in humans and animals that nicotine enhances the learning ability (Poorthuis et al., 2009), improves neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus (Motaghinejad et al., 2016), and can treat excitotoxicity at low concentrations (Sieber, 2012)

BBR inhibited their IgE germline transcript expression, phosphorylated IB, and increased expression of TBX21 (T-bet) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 [48]

Inflammation also shifts tryptophan metabolism away from serotonin to neurotoxic kynurenine pathway metabolites, like quinolinic acid, and disturbs neurotransmission and thus plays a role in depressive symptoms (Chen et al., 2021