Although manifestations of neurological dysfunction often point to TD and may sometimes accompany gastrointestinal beriberi (17, 64), it has been also noted that chronic mild deficiency may present with gastrointestinal symptoms under entirely normal neurological exams in well-nourished, non-alcoholic patients (6568)
Interestingly, they found aberrations in ROS clearance pathways, including elevated glutathione levels, decreases in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase levels, and glutathione peroxidase 4 mediated lipid oxidative damage
Over CNS, the direct action on NTS, hypothalamic arcuate and surrounding structures, as well as the effect on the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens may act on homeostatic and hedonic hunger, changing palatability and reward behavior
While several antioxidant strategies, such as the use of natural products, nanomaterials, hydrogels, and microneedles have shown promise in mitigating oxidative stress and alleviating AD symptoms, there remain knowledge gaps