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Cellular levels of glutathione are known to affect T helper cell maturation, T-cell proliferation, viral replication, and susceptibility to reactive species secreted by inflammatory cells

In addition to ROS overproduction, the activation of MAPK and inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (a serine/threonine kinase that is also known as protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are associated with both apoptosis and autophagy 6

Thyroid autoimmunity and intestinal microbiota As one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases, autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are characterized by the presence of thyrotrophin receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroid peroxidases antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) against thyroid cells resulting in Hashimotos thyroiditis (HT) and Graves disease (GD) (50, 51)

An ROS-responsive artesunate prodrug nanosystem co-delivers dexamethasone for rheumatoid arthritis treatment through the HIF-1/NF-B cascade regulation of ROS scavenging and macrophage repolarization