Additionally, IL-8 mediates the migration and survival of neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells early in life, and elevated CSF cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 suggest the possibility of microglial activation (199201)
This heightened membrane tension activates Piezo1 and transient receptor potential (TRP) mechanosensitive ion channels, while simultaneously inactivating membrane Na+/K+-ATPases
Primarily, iron serves as a core component of hemoglobin, supporting oxygen delivery to tissues, and is also involved in myoglobin, cytochromes, and various enzymes (2, 4)
Mast cells are implicated in the brain injuries, stress, and PTSD-induced neuroinflammation that could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD as shown in Figure 1