And human studies are scarce
Abbreviations A: -amyloid ACA: Acetoacetate AD: Alzheimers disease AhR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ARRB2: -arrestin-2 BBB: Blood-brain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BMI: Body mass index -HB: -hydroxybutyrate CNS: Central nervous system COMT: Catecholamine O-methyl transferase COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CRP: C-reactive protein CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid ENS: Enteric nervous system FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GI: Gastrointestinal GPR40: G proteincoupled receptor 40 HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin HCA2: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 HDAC: Histone deacetylase HDL: High-density lipoprotein IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease IGF: Insulin growth factor IL-1: Interleukin-1 Il-6: Interleukin-6 KBs: Ketone bodies KD: Ketogenic diet LDL: Low-density lipoprotein LGIT: Low glycemic index treatment LPS: Lipopolysaccharides MAD: Modified Atkins diet MCTs: Medium-chain triglycerides MCT-KD: Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet MDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale mGluR5: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine NF-B: Nuclear factor -light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NFTs: Neurofibrillary tangles NLRP: NOD-like receptor protein NT-3: Neurotrophic protein 3 PAS: Parkinsons anxiety scale PD: Parkinsons disease PD-MCI: Parkinsons disease with mild cognitive impairment PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species rsEEG: Resting state electroencephalography SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth TKD: Targeted ketogenic diet TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor Trp: Tryptophan TUG: Timed up and go test UCPs: Uncoupling proteins VHI: Voice handicap index VLCKD: Very low-calorie ketogenic diet References Su D, Cui Y, He C, Yin P, Bai R, Zhu J, et al
Avoid smoking and drinking
Introduction Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a biomedical treatment that repairs cartilage injury in the knee joint, which has been shown to reduce pain and facilitate mobility recovery ( Typically, ACI involves harvesting cartilage, isolating chondrocytes, expanding cells in vitro , and re-implanting over an articular cartilage defect
