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They found that early activation of Nrf2 by oxidative stress up-regulated xCT expression and cystine uptake, leading to increased formation of persulfide metabolites, which terminated IL-1 production

They are associated with oxidative stress, even though the causes differ

The Glutathione synthetase (GSS) protein plays a pivotal role in cellular antioxidant defense by catalyzing the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent manner, as supported by various studies

Copper is a required cofactor for enzymes involved in connective-tissue crosslinking, angiogenesis, and antioxidant defense, and GHK appears to function partly as a copper-delivery vehicle that makes the metal bioavailable to cells in a controlled way