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GLP-1R agonists may exert antidepressant effects by modulating inflammatory processes in the brain Chronic inflammatory processes in the brain associated with excessive activation of microglia and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are one of the key factors leading to the development of depressive symptoms, as patients suffering from this mental illness are very often characterized by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interferon-gamma (IFN-) in the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood [59,60,61]
Exenatide and liraglutide promote neuronal survival and attenuate neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt signaling, inhibiting apoptosis by modulating Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 [9,24]
