What they found: 4,192 human genes change expression by 2 in response to GHK-Cu (31.2 % of the human genome) Of these 2,296 genes up-regulated , 1,896 down-regulated Pattern of changes: a rejuvenating signature, genes typically associated with ageing are down-regulated, regenerative genes up-regulated DNA repair , strong up-regulation of genes in BER, HR, NER pathways Mitochondrial biogenesis , increase in the number of mitochondria in cells Anti-apoptotic signal , protection against cell death Down-regulation of cancer signals , some oncogenes decreased Why it matters: This is the strongest evidence for the pleiotropic nature of GHK-Cu
Direct and indirect effects on mitochondria by IPC can result in the activation of AMPK, a master regulator of cellular metabolism
While the high glutathione content may carry the ingredients natural scent, its transformative results make this a minor detail compared to the radiant skin it delivers.
It also visibly reduces the appearance of various skin discolourations such as freckles, age spots, liver spots, and scars