One MRS study(Maier et al., 2022) and a number of plasma-based studies(Alabdali et al., 2014
Vitamin B12 There is four types of parenteral Vitamin B12 available: Cyanocobalamin 100 mcg/ml and 1000 mcg/ml best used as IM to prevent rapid loss via kidneys Hydroxycobalamin IM (compounded 1000 mcg/ml or more) known as long acting B12 (binds better to plasma proteins than cyanocobalamin) Methylcobalamin IV (compounded 1000 mcg or more up to 5000 mcg/ml) Adenosylcobalamin IV Common dose is 1000 mcg IM or IV Vitamin B12 as hydroxycobalamin is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin = metabolically active form of Vitamin B12 Hydroxycobalamin is a chelator of cyanide and is used in cyanide poisoning Hydroxocobalamin is most generally used for vitamin B12 replacement therapy and is considered the drug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs
J Drug Deliv Sci Technology (2025) 108:1069644
Secondary endpoints included the proportion of participants achieving 5% and 10% body weight reduction, absolute weight change in kg, change in waist circumference, lipid parameters including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, and glycaemic variables such as HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and -cell function
