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These findings provide evidence that the regulatory influence of endogenous GLP-1R signaling on bone resorption is likely mediated through pathways that involve calcitonin.362 Considering the expression of the GLP-1R in thyroid C cells and the ability of GLP-1 to stimulate calcitonin secretion through a cAMP-mediated mechanism in vitro, it is plausible that calcitonin plays a role in the alterations in bone metabolism observed in GLP-1R-treated animals.369,370 Later, quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the administration of exendin-4, a GLP-1RA, resulted in significant upregulation of thyroid calcitonin mRNA levels in wild-type mice.362 GLP-1RAs and Osteoblasts Osteoblasts arise through the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and play a crucial role in the process of bone formation