Preclinical studies have demonstrated that both glycyrrhizin and silymarin exert hepatoprotective effects against oxidative stress, and their combination may produce synergistic benefits by reducing serum transaminases and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities (Minsart et al., 2020)
Kamran M, Xie K, Sun J, Wang D, Shi C, Lu Y, et al
459 Similarly, leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (LRRK2), a protein linked to PD, localizes to MAMs, where it enhances PERK-mediated phosphorylation of PARKIN, MARCHF5, and mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase activator of NF-B (MULAN), thereby facilitating the ubiquitination of MFN2
Synergistic effects are evident in apoptosis analysis, where combination therapy activates both caspase-3 (PTT) and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways (PDT), compared to partial pathway activation in single treatments