Decreased aging, improved performance that are attributable to improved blood pressure control, improved glycemic control, weight loss, increased renal blood flow, restoration of normal glomerular hemodynamics, enhanced autoregulation, and prevention of oxidative injury are potential contributors to reducing cardiovascular events through the kidney-cardiovascular axis [85]
& Keating, D
Among the tissues and organs crucial in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, pancreas, brain, and adipocytes express GIP receptors (GIPRs), while pancreas, brain, and gastrointestinal tract are rich in GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) ( The hormonal binding at the extracellular domain is communicated to the intracellular receptor side, leading to G protein engagement and activation ( 2.3 Interaction of GIP and GLP-1 in the incretin effect Studies in rodents ( Figure 1 Section A]
Patients with T2DM experience a significant decline in the incretins functional properties which causes delayed and reduced insulin release after glucose administration and impairs glucose tolerance [12,13,14]
