The biotic stress, such as drought, radiation, high salinity, extreme temperature, etc., triggers the synthesis and accumulation of betaine in plant cells ( 2.1 Trimethylamine-N-oxide and betaine in humans In humans, TMAO is mostly biosynthesized from the unabsorbed dietary constituents containing trimethylamine moiety such as choline (concentrated in egg yolk and liver) and L-carnitine (predominantly in red meat) through the activity of inhabitant bacteria of the human large intestine (Li et al., 2018a) (Figure 2)
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Am J Clin Nutr 102(1):115122 Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, Diab DL, Kiely ME, Lazaretti-Castro M et al (2024) Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline
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