Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or Abbreviations AML: acute myeloid leukemia AP-1: activator protein-1 ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 BCNU: N,N -bis(2-chloroethyl)- N -nitrosourea CDNB: 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene CFU-GM: colony forming unit-granulocyte, monocyte DXR: doxorubicin EA: ethacrynic acid ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5-FU: 5-fluorouracil GSH: glutathione GST: glutathione S -transferase H 2 O 2 : hydrogen peroxide HEL: Haloenol lactone HFF: human foreskin fibroblast JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPEG: membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome NCI: National Cancer Institute NTZ: nitazoxanide ROS: reactive oxygen species TLK117: ( -glutamyl- S -(benzyl)cysteinyl- R (-)-phenylglycine) TRAF2: TNF receptor-associated factor 2 UV: ultraviolet References Litwack G, Ketterer B, Arias IM

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Pathological causes of elevated B12 warrant careful consideration: Haematological disorders : Myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythaemia vera, chronic myeloid leukaemia), acute leukaemia, and lymphoproliferative disorders can increase B12-binding proteins (transcobalamin and haptocorrin), elevating total serum B12 [3] Liver disease : Hepatocellular damage releases stored B12 into circulation
As a result, when the vial thaws, the benzyl alcohol is no longer evenly distributed throughout the solution you may end up with concentrated pockets and diluted areas