Greco and colleagues reportedan enhancement in DNA damage in 76% of patients with moderate DNA damage (15%) after oral intake with vitamins [53]
The underlying mechanism may be related to a key modulator of neutrophil maturation, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which was observed to be higher in young adult females than males, followed by diminishing after menopause (53)
Research indicates that certain nanocarriers can enhance tumor cell endocytosis, improving cellular uptake of drugs and overcoming resistance (155)
Microparticles can be formulated into diverse dosage forms such as dry powders, injectable suspensions (e.g., microspheres and liposomes), and are suitable for multiple routes of administration, including oral, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery, as summarized in Table 1B