Astaxanthin is a red/pink pigment that belongs to a group of chemicals called carotenoids 1 It is also known as a xanthophyll carotenoid which is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts 2
Thirty-five-week-old MC4R mice were randomly divided into four groups with no blinding at one day before drug treatment, vehicle (saline, s.c.), semaglutide (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), tirzepatide (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.), and retatrutide (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) based on amounts of food intake from day 25 before drug treatment, body weight at day 2 before treatment, and fat mass at one day before treatment
The detoxification ability of the liver may partially be assessed by the salivary caffeine clearance and the acetaminophen and aspirin conjugation metabolite tests, which evaluate Phase I (cytochrome P450) and Phase II (conjugation) pathways, respectively
In addition to its role in the synthesis of coenzyme A, pantothenic acid serves as a component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of fatty acid synthase, FAS
