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Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT) is an enzyme required for the peroxisomal metablism of very long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids[30]

Suppression of the JNK/NF-B pathways inhibits NADPH oxidase, thereby reducing the inflammatory response, while activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway induces antioxidant genes and preserves antioxidant enzymes [74]

Recent breakthroughs in precision medicine, multiomics technologies, and high-resolution imaging are transforming our approach to cardiovascular risk assessment by enabling refined stratification through single-cell transcriptomics, polygenic risk scoring, and artificial intelligence-powered plaque analysis