Zhou, X., Venigalla, M., Raju, R., Mnch, G.: Pharmacological considerations for treating neuroinflammation with curcumin in Alzheimers disease
Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care
Side effects tend to be mild: injection site reactions, some joint stiffness, occasional water retention early on
In human studies, long-term recreational ketamine use has been associated with structural brain changes, including reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and impaired white matter connectivity, which are potentially linked to chronic low-grade inflammation ( 5.2.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction Ketamine disrupts mitochondrial function by reducing the membrane potential, increasing cytochrome c release, and promoting ROS generation, which collectively induce neuronal apoptosis ( Human studies have identified metabolic abnormalities in ketamine abusers, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which may reflect mitochondrial dysfunction ( 5.2.3 Dose and frequency dependence The neurotoxic effects of ketamine are highly dependent on its dosage and frequency of use