Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
A decrease in the expression of transcription factors Nrf2 and PPAR, together with an increase in NF-kB expression, was observed in the renal cortex of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats compared with control rats (0.3-, 0.8-, and 13-fold, respectively)
It is discussed as a repair signal in peptide therapy
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