This evolutionarily conserved compound has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the testes induced by ethanol,167 indomethacin,168 X-irradiation,169 streptozotocin-induced diabetes,86 and cisplatin.136 In vitro studies have also shown that melatonin and its immediate precursor N-acetyl-serotonin could inhibit ascorbate-Fe (II) induced lipid peroxidation in rat testicular microsomes and mitochondria.170,171 The administration of antioxidants such as resveratrol, ascorbate or cocoa rich in flavanols to normal animals, not suffering from induced oxidative stress, also appears to improve testicular function, suggesting that oxidative stress is a consistent feature of testicular physiology.172,173 In light of such results, antioxidants have frequently been administered to infertile men in the hope of improving the quality of the semen profile
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Protein-bound copper Most circulating copper is carried within ceruloplasmin rather than remaining loosely bound