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Additionally, vaping allows for a customisable nicotine delivery, enabling users to gradually reduce their nicotine intake while still enjoying flavoured e-liquids

The small number of participants in each group permitted the contributions of all individuals

Interestingly, ENDS liquid without nicotine also had an effect on the induction of apoptosis of endothelial and epithelial cells, indicating other components in ENDS besides nicotine might also play a role in triggering apoptosis of endothelial and epithelial cells

In addition, three member companies of the Tobacco Institutethe American Tobacco Company, Philip Morris, and R