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A 2021 review showed that even some e-cigarette refills labeled as nicotine-free still contained detectable nicotine levels

Periodontal DiseaseThe evidence is overwhelming that smoking contributes to periodontal disease (see Right) and that continued smoking results in a reduced response to periodontal treatment

Professor Tim Key, who co-led the study and is deputy director at the University of Oxfords cancer epidemiology unit, says that even if you eat processed and red meat occasionally, cutting back may help to lower your risk of cancer

With e-cigarettes readily available, people would have an appealing, and safer, alternative