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E N D Presentation Transcript CNS StimulantsTobacco & NicotineCaffeine and Other Methylxanthines Introduction to CNS Stimulants Characterized based on CNS Effects: Increased energy, mental alertness Positive hedonic effects, euphoria Reduced fatigue, decreased sleepiness Casually referred to as uppers Toxicities associated with excessive CNS stimulation: e.g., seizures, cardiac and respiratory failure Over-the-Counter Stimulants Nicotine, Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine, Ephedrine Legally Restricted Stimulants Cocaine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine History of Tobacco Use Early Medicinal Uses Europe New World The spread of tobacco use Tobacco production Nicotiana tobacum Spanish monopoly on sales to Europe Tobacco colony in Virginia Popularity of snuff in England Forms of Tobacco/Nicotine Use Snuff Chewing tobacco Cigars Cigarettes Nicotine Replacement Treatments Chewing gum, lozenge, inhaler, patch Trends in Cigarette Sales Trends in cigarette sales since 1945 (Ksir et al., 2006