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Additionally, there is a range from low to high percentage of nicotine per volume concentration amount of nicotine per amount of e-liquid The following factors may determine how much nicotine people ingest when using a vape or e-cigarette: amount of nicotine in the vaping solution efficiency with which vaping devices deliver nicotine differences in how people use vaping devices, including frequency and length of inhalation According to the However, for people who currently smoke, switching completely to e-cigarettes may help reduce the exposure to harmful chemicals

In 2015 the United States surgeon general reported that vaping among high school students had increased by 900%, and 40% of young e-cigarette users had never smoked regular tobacco before

A random forest imputation algorithm was used to deal with missing variables.16 For datasets with a mixture of categorical and continuous variables, random forest imputation enables imputation with less bias than other imputation methods, such as multiple imputations.16 We used all survey variables not missing more than 30% of values in each variable for the imputation

[3] : 272 Comprehensive bans can make it impossible to effectively substitute other forms of advertising, leading to actual falls in consumption